Frequency of Undiagnosed Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and its association with Maternal age and Parity

Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder during pregnancy that poses significant risks to both mother and fetus if left undiagnosed. Despite known risk factors, routine screening practices remain inconsistent in many healthcare settings, particularly in low-resource areas. Objective: To determine the frequency of undiagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women consulting for antenatal care and to assess its association with maternal age and parity. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gynecology & Obstetrics Outpatient Department of Sheikh Zayed Medical College/Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, from June to December 2024. A total of 196 pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, with no prior diagnosis of diabetes, were enrolled using a consecutive non-probability sampling technique. GDM was diagnosed using the 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria. Data on maternal age, parity, and BMI were collected and analyzed using SPSS. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were performed to determine associations, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The frequency of undiagnosed GDM was 29 (14.8%). Maternal age >30 years (p = 0.016; aOR = 2.0) and BMI ≥25 kg/m² (p = 0.031; aOR = 1.9) were significantly associated with GDM. Parity showed no statistically significant association (p = 0.140). Conclusion: Undiagnosed GDM is prevalent among pregnant women, with advanced maternal age and elevated BMI identified as significant independent risk factors. Targeted screening of high-risk groups is essential for early diagnosis and prevention of complications.